There are a multitude of reasons why a client may have a bad Wi-Fi experience—CCI (Co-Channel Interference), too may SSIDs, too many clients, not enough bandwidth on your internet circuit, low basic rates, etc., but right now, we’re going to focus on mismatched transmit (Tx) power between an AP and a client. So, how do […]
Transmit (Tx) Power Matching for Balanced Links Read More »
There are many modulation types found in the IEEE 802.11-2020 standard, and regardless of the size of their symbol sets, they all have one thing in common—amplitude spacings of two intervals. The amplitude levels in 16‑QAM, for example, are ‑3, ‑1, +1, and +3—two intervals between each value. Although the actual amplitudes—or voltages—may differ in
Constellation Diagrams – Part 2: Normalization Read More »
A constellation diagram displays the symbol set for a given digital modulation scheme (BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, etc.). A symbol is a waveform—transmitted at some fixed interval—used to communicate one or more bits of data. The symbol set is the number of usable symbols possible within a specific modulation scheme. The size of the symbol set will determine the number of bits
Constellation Diagrams – Part 1: The Complex Basics Read More »
In Part 1, we learned the basics of QAM and then dove a bit deeper in Part 2, where we discussed the finer points of QPSK, or 4-QAM. We are going to build upon the information detailed in those two articles, so it is strongly encouraged that you check them out first. We have seen
QAM – Part 3: 16-QAM Read More »
In Part 1, we learned that QAM works by basically summing two sinusoid waves of the same frequency that are in quadrature. These two sinusoids are called the I, or In-Phase component, and the Q, or Quadrature component. We also learned that as long as we keep the amplitudes of both waves the same, we
QAM – Part 2: QPSK Read More »
QAM (pronounced “kwom”) stands for Quadrature Amplitude Modulation. It is a way of modulating, or changing, a waveform, called a carrier wave, to encode some sort of information. In the case of 802.11, this information would be the 1’s and 0’s that make up the data you wish to transmit across the RF (Radio Frequency)
QAM – Part 1: The Basics Read More »
There are a few ways of converting binary to decimal, but one way to do it is by taking a binary number and assigning weights to each bit position. What does that mean, you ask? Well, I’ll show you. First, we’ll start with a binary number: Next, starting from the right, we’ll assign each bit
Converting Binary to Decimal Read More »
