Constellation Diagrams – Part 2: Normalization
There are many modulation types found in the IEEE 802.11-2020 standard, and regardless of the size of their symbol sets, they all have one thing in common—amplitude spacings of two intervals. The amplitude levels in 16‑QAM, for example, are ‑3, ‑1, +1, and +3—two intervals between each value. Although the actual amplitudes—or voltages—may differ in […]
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